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Camphene, a monoterpene identified in plants such as pepper, fennel, and nutmeg, activates antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GR) and modulates the GSH/GSSG ratio to maintain redox homeostasis in cardiomyocytes [207]

mitochondrial redox imbalance (NAD/NADH shifts, niacinamide, acylcarnitines)

Combretastatin A4 nanodrug-induced MMP9 amplification boosts tumor-selective release of doxorubicin prodrug

Once in the brain, these cells further differentiate into specialist cells called microglial-like cells

Animal models remain indispensable in preclinical evaluations, providing critical insights into the efficacy and safety of nanomaterials